Forecasting the Transmission Trends of Respiratory Infectious Diseases with an Exposure-Risk-Based Model at the Microscopic Level

Respiratory infectious diseases (e.g., COVID- 19) have brought huge damages to human society, and the accurate prediction of their transmission trends is essential for both the health system and policymakers. Most related studies concentrate on epidemic trend forecasting at the macroscopic level, which ignores the microscopic social interactions among individuals. Meanwhile, current microscopic models are still not able to sufficiently decipher the individual-based spreading process and lack valid quantitative tests. To tackle these problems, we propose an exposure-risk-based model at the microscopic level, including 4 modules: individual movement, virion-laden droplet movement, individual exposure risk estimation, and prediction of new cases. First, the front two modules reproduce the movements of individuals and the droplets of infectors’ expiratory activities. Then, the outputs are fed to the third module for estimating the personal exposure risk. Accordingly, the number of new cases is predicted in the final module. Our model outperforms 4 existing macroscopic or microscopic models through the forecast of new cases of COVID-19 in the United States. Specifically, mean absolute error, root mean square error and mean absolute percentage error by our model are 2454.70, 3170.51, and 3.38% smaller than the minimum results of comparison models, respectively. In sum, the proposed model successfully describes the scenarios from a microscopic perspective and shows great potential for predicting the transmission trends with different scenarios and management policies.