Millimeter Wave Power Transmission for Compact and Large-Area Wearable
IoT Devices based on a Higher-Order Mode Wearable Antenna
Abstract
Owing to the shorter wavelength in the millimeter-wave (mmWave)
spectrum, miniaturized antennas can receive power with a higher
efficiency than UHF bands, promising sustainable mmWave-powered Internet
of Things (IoT) devices. Nevertheless, the performance of a mmWave power
receiver has not been compared, numerically or experimentally, to its
sub-6 GHz counterpart. In this paper, the performance of mmWave-powered
receivers is evaluated based on a novel wearable textile-based
higher-order mode microstrip antenna, showing the benefits of wireless
power transmission (WPT). Firstly, a broadband antenna is proposed
maintaining a stable wearable measured bandwidth from 24.9 to 31.1 GHz,
over three-fold improvement compared to a conventional patch. The
proposed antenna has a measured 8.2 dBi co-polarized gain with the
highest thickness-normalized efficiency of a wearable antenna. When
evaluated for compact power receivers, the measured path gain shows that
WPT at 26 GHz outperforms 2.4 GHz by 11 dB. A rectenna array based on
the proposed antenna is then evaluated analytically showing the
potential for up to 6.3x higher power reception compared to a UHF patch,
based on the proposed antenna’s gain and an empirical path-loss model.
Both use cases demonstrate that mmWave-powered rectennas are suitable
for area-constrained and large-area wearable IoT applications.