Abstract
The velocity of ultrasound longitudinal waves (speed of sound) is
emerging as a valuable biomarker for a wide range of diseases, including
musculoskeletal disorders. Muscles are fiber-rich tissues that exhibit
anisotropic behavior, meaning that velocities vary with the
wave-propagation direction. Quantifying anisotropy is therefore
essential to improve velocity estimates while providing a new metric
that relates to both muscle composition and architecture. This work
presents a method to estimate longitudinal-wave anisotropy in
transversely isotropic tissues. We assume elliptical anisotropy and
consider an experimental setup that includes a flat reflector located in
front of the linear probe. Moreover, we consider transducers operating
multistatically. This setup allows us to measure first-arrival
reflection traveltimes. Unknown muscle parameters are the orientation
angle of the anisotropy symmetry axis and the velocities along and
across this axis. We derive analytical expressions for the relationship
between traveltimes and anisotropy parameters, accounting for reflector
inclinations. To analyze the structure of this nonlinear forward
problem, we formulate the inversion statistically using the Bayesian
framework. Solutions are probability density functions useful for
quantifying uncertainties in parameter estimates. Using numerical
examples, we demonstrate that all parameters can be well constrained
when traveltimes from different reflector inclinations are combined.
Results from a wide range of acquisition and medium properties show that
uncertainties in velocity estimates are substantially lower than
expected velocity differences in muscle. Thus, our formulation could
provide accurate muscle anisotropy estimates in future clinical
applications.
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