Driver Drowsiness Detection Using Wearable Brain Sensing Headband and
Three-Level Voting Model
Abstract
Drowsiness is the leading cause of many fatal accidents and a
substantial financial burden for the economy. Efforts have been made to
develop techniques to prevent major accidents while remaining practical
for everyday use. The most successful approach discovered thus far
involves utilizing physiological techniques that rely on EEG signals.
Despite their promising performance, the signal collection process has
made them unsuitable for practical implementations. However, the
emergence of low-cost commercial EEG headsets has enabled tackling this
issue. Our study aimed to assess the effectiveness of machine learning
models in identifying drowsiness stages using minimal EEG channels. The
study was conducted with fifty sleep-deprived participants driving in a
simulator. Based on the Observer Rated Drowsiness method, we divided the
stages of drowsiness into three categories: alert, drowsy, and sleepy.
Various features were extracted from the EEG signals in time, frequency,
and time-frequency domains. Three models were trained in each domain
using k-nearest neighbors and ensemble bagged tree classifiers. A
majority vote among the three models determined data labels, trained
using different combinations of channel data features. Three training
strategies were utilized: 1) single channel, 2) temporal channels,
frontal channels, left-side channels, and right-side channels
separately, and 3) all channels. The results of 10-fold cross-validation
showed that the frequency features of temporal channels had the highest
accuracy. The best results for nearest neighbors were 97.1%
(alert-sleepy), 96.6% (drowsy-sleepy), and 96.7% (alert-drowsy). The
highest accuracy of ensemble bagged trees was 100% for all three
models.